Morale and Corruption
From VoidWiki
Morale and Corruption both affect your planets output of resources and research. Corruption affects Tax income, but morale does not. Morale can both increase and decrease output of a planet, corruption only lowers output of a planet.
Morale
Morale of your planets is affected by your actions and certain events within the game. Morale of a planet will slowly return to 100% once lowered assuming there is nothing else affecting it. Newly colonised planets will begin at 200% morale and eventually return to 100%. Bombarind enemy planets will lower morale on all your planets and random riots can occur (as your empire grows these riots will become more frequent) which lower a planets morale.
Your current Tax level will lower your planets morale depending on the current level as indicated under the tax slider. Morale changes from tax will occur slowly when the tax level is changed.
Corruption
Corruption is a fixed percentage loss of output depending on the distance of the planet from your homeworld. As you colonise planets much farther from your home planet you will see the corruption value become increasingly high.

